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The text explores critical philosophical assumptions underlying the practices of professionals in clinical and research medicine. It examines how these assumptions influence medical decision-making and the ethical implications of various approaches in the field, offering insights into the interplay between philosophy and medical practice.

This Element provides an overview of the different roles of placebos and a survey of significant studies, critically examines the concept of placebo offering a new definition that avoids the pitfalls of other attempts and highlights some impending challenges for placebo studies.