Sigmund Freud kaj la naskiĝo de la psikanalizo

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Sigmund Freud, born in 1856 in a Jewish family in Freiberg, Moravia, later moved to Vienna, where he thrived amidst influential scientists. In 1885, he attended Charcot's lectures in Paris, learning about hypnosis as a treatment for hysteria, which he later introduced to Vienna. His first major work, “Studies in Hysteria” (1895), co-authored with J. Breuer, documented notable hysteria cases. Their collaboration ended over disagreements regarding the significance of sexual components in neurotic phenomena. Freud then formed a close relationship with Wilhelm Fließ, who proposed intriguing, albeit unscientific, numerical ratios related to life events. Freud incorporated Fließ's ideas into his theory of psychosexual development, which includes four stages: oral, anal, phallic, and genital. In 1900, Freud published “The Interpretation of Dreams,” asserting that dreams are expressions of childhood desires and the workings of the id. He also explored everyday errors, attributing them to repression. His theory of the psychic apparatus comprises the id, ego, and superego, with the id governed by the pleasure principle. Freud further developed his instinct theory, distinguishing between the life instinct (Eros) and the death instinct (Thanatos). His later works addressed the Oedipus complex, linking it to feelings of guilt and religious rites.