Low temperature physics

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Science often explores the boundaries of what is feasible, particularly in low-temperature physics, where the goal is absolute zero. Louis Cailletet's achievement on December 2, 1877, in liquefying oxygen marked a significant milestone, paving the way for numerous discoveries in this field. Contrary to the common perception of cold as uncomfortable, low-temperature condensed matter exhibits a range of intriguing properties. Notable phenomena such as superfluidity and superconductivity continue to captivate researchers. As temperatures drop, new insights emerge, making low-temperature physics a dynamic area of study. This book draws from lectures delivered by the authors at universities in Heidelberg, Bayreuth, and Konstanz, focusing on the physical phenomena that become prominent at low temperatures. It is designed primarily for students, offering a concise and accessible introduction to various low-temperature physics topics. The selection of material reflects the authors' personal preferences while aiming to cover a broad spectrum of subjects. The content is organized into three parts: quantum fluids, solids at low temperatures, and principles of refrigeration and thermometry.