African memory in danger

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The African continent has faced centuries of looting, with motivations shifting through conquest, colonization, independence, and globalization. Recently, the destruction of archaeological sites and the illicit trade in cultural goods have escalated, undermining African history and threatening community development and human rights. The exportation and repatriation of human remains also pose significant ethical dilemmas. In response, various laws, conventions, and ethical codes have been established, alongside local initiatives aimed at protecting heritage and facilitating the return of cultural objects. However, the anticipated benefits often fall short due to the complexities involved. Switzerland, often criticized for being a hub for the illicit trade of cultural goods, is not alone; similar critiques extend to other countries in Europe, North America, Asia, and the Near East, where antique dealers and collectors thrive on this trade. Despite this, Switzerland is recognized for its commitment to development and human rights, with improving customs and law enforcement. This book compiles insights from a conference in Geneva, featuring contributions from archaeologists, sociologists, museum curators, legal experts, and police representatives, blending perspectives from Africa, Europe, and Switzerland. It highlights alarming issues faced by African cultural heritage, ethical considerations, legal updates, and international coo