Venus Aeronomy

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The exploration of Venus has evolved significantly since the Mariner 2 flyby in 1962, with both Soviet and American missions contributing to our understanding of the planet's unique atmospheric phenomena. The Pioneer Venus Orbiter, initially intended for a short mission, has exceeded expectations by continuously transmitting valuable data for over a decade, particularly regarding Venus's weak magnetic field and atmospheric interactions with solar winds. This wealth of information, gathered during a complete solar cycle, has greatly enhanced our knowledge of Venus's upper atmosphere and ionosphere.