Rufus Ephesius: Medicus Gratiosus

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The physician Rufus of Ephesus lived during the reign of emperor Trajan (98-117), about one generation before Galen (127-216?). Over ninety works have been ascribed to Rufus, but only a few survive in Greek or Arabic. In modern literature he is usually portrayed as a practical hands-on doctor. In contrast to Galen, Rufus did not write explicitly on philosophy and he avoided teleological speculation. In general he was a critical follower of Hippocrates. This thesis highlights his contributions in anatomy and specific subjects e.g. diseases of the kidneys and the bladder, gout, jaundice, certain sexual deviations, melancholy, drugs and pulse-lore. In some of these treatises Rufus did refer to ancient literature and philosophy. Special attention is devoted to his monograph 'Medical Questions’, an emphatic plea to ask the patient directly about his individual condition, in contrast to the daily practice of most physicians in ancient medicine. In addition, Rufus gave his opinions on the upbringing of children, lifestyle, the use of wine and the qualities of water. Several of his views were not shared by his contemporaries. His case reports display a superb clinical acumen. As physician, Rufus was respected for his erudition, wisdom and writing skills up to the nineteenth century.