Modern agriculture, coupled with the widespread use of mineral N fertilizers, has significantly boosted global food production to meet the needs of a growing population. However, this has also led to overloaded nitrogen cycles and increased nitrogen emissions. Current legal regulations have not effectively reduced these emissions, necessitating more comprehensive and innovative strategies to enhance nitrogen efficiency. Digital technologies, algorithms, and models present new opportunities for optimizing nitrogen cycles and reducing nitrogen losses on farms. The potential for nitrogen loss (N surplus) can be assessed at various scales, including global, regional, and farm levels, using balancing methods. Analysis of multi-year satellite data has revealed high spatial variability in soil parameters, resulting in distinct yield zones even within small fields (3.5–13.1 ha). This variability affects yield and nitrogen balances significantly. Site-specific nitrogen balancing, enabled by modern technologies, can help mitigate environmentally harmful nitrogen emissions (NH3, N2O, and NO3) with high spatial precision. Digital tools are effective for determining site-specific nitrogen balances and assessing nitrate leaching risks. Our research highlights the capabilities of sensor- and satellite-based nitrogen balancing in pinpointing areas with high nitrogen loss potential. Innovative digital management approaches can help reduce nutr
