Richa Kothari Libros

The book details a novel method for creating controlled-release encapsulated fertilizers using urea and potash, immobilized in sodium alginate with calcium chloride. Spectroscopic characterization through UV and FT-IR confirms the successful encapsulation of these fertilizers in beads, which release nutrients slowly into the soil. This innovative approach not only enhances soil fertility with reduced fertilizer application but also offers economic benefits to farmers, encouraging increased agricultural productivity and contributing positively to the economy.

The exploration of metal ion complexes in anticancer drug development highlights their unique chemical reactivity and diverse coordination geometries, which allow for the creation of compounds not found in pure organic chemistry. The biological activity of these metal-based drugs is influenced by the types of ligands and the metal's oxidation state. Recent research has focused on therapeutic metal complexes, especially copper, due to its vital role in numerous copper-dependent enzymes essential for various biological processes.

Focusing on the significance of transition metal complexes in cancer treatment, the book explores the roles of platinum, ruthenium, lanthanum, and gallium in both preclinical and clinical studies. It highlights the widespread use of platinum (II) agents like Cisplatin and Carboplatin, which are integral to nearly half of cancer therapies but often come with severe toxicity and side effects. The narrative emphasizes ongoing global efforts to discover new metal-based compounds that offer reduced toxicity and innovative mechanisms of action.

The study focuses on synthesizing copper nanoparticles using Cinnamomum zeylanicum, highlighting its non-toxic and cost-effective nature. Characterization techniques revealed a specific resonance at 631 nm for the nanoparticles, while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated the involvement of oxygen-containing functional groups in the synthesis process. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy confirmed the spherical shape of the nanoparticles. Additionally, the antimicrobial properties of these copper nanoparticles were tested against various bacteria, suggesting their potential as effective antimicrobial agents.

Focusing on its antimicrobial properties, the book explores copper's role as an essential trace element and its applications in various industries, including gas sensors and solar cells. It highlights copper's historical use as an antimicrobial agent and its effectiveness against numerous pathogens, achieving a 99.9% kill rate within two hours. Registered by the EPA as the only metal with such properties, copper is presented as a cost-effective alternative to pricier metals like silver and gold for combating microorganisms.

The book delves into the complexity of breast cancer, highlighting its molecular, histopathologic, and clinical heterogeneity. It discusses how whole-genome analysis has identified five distinct subtypes—Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2 over-expression, Basal-like, and Normal-like—each with unique characteristics and clinical implications. Additionally, it explains how these subtypes can be categorized using immunohistochemical analysis, emphasizing their correlation with gene expression profiles, variations in treatment responses, and patterns of recurrence.

The book explores the evolution of cancer chemotherapy, marking its origins in 1945 with the discovery of nitrogen mustards for treating leukemias. It details the initial skepticism surrounding cisplatin, which later showed promise in clinical trials for ovarian cancer. The narrative emphasizes the importance of conducting comprehensive phase I and II trials to explore new anticancer agents, driven by advancements in understanding cancer cell biology and its distinctions from normal tissues.

The book delves into medicinal inorganic chemistry, highlighting its significance in therapeutic and diagnostic medicine. It focuses on the groundbreaking antitumor compound cisplatin and its second-generation counterpart, carboplatin, which have significantly improved cancer survival rates. The text explores the development of enhanced Pt(II) compounds with intercalative moieties, demonstrating superior activity in vitro. Additionally, it covers the role of transition metal complexes and metal ions in therapeutic applications and diagnostics, as well as strategies for their removal from biological systems.

The book explores the evolving landscape of metal-based anticancer drugs, highlighting their ability to target various cellular and biological properties across different tumor types. It discusses the shift from traditional cytotoxic methods to the rational design of selective agents aimed at specific cellular targets. The role of essential metal ions, like zinc and copper, in biological systems is examined, along with their involvement in critical processes. The text emphasizes the challenges in developing these agents and suggests that integrating structural biology with chemistry could enhance the discovery of novel treatments.

The book explores the biological activities of NNS Schiff base molecular adducts, emphasizing their role as thiourea derivatives and ligands. It highlights how these adducts, particularly in metal complexes with copper (II) and iron (III), exhibit enhanced biological activity compared to their uncoordinated forms. The text delves into their effectiveness in cell destruction and DNA synthesis inhibition, linking their biological functions to their ability to coordinate with metal centers in enzymes. The synthesis process involves the condensation of thiosemicarbazide with suitable aldehydes or ketones.