Costantino Zaino Libros

The esophagus, ostensibly a simple tubular structure whose functional role often is minimized and even ignored, is, in re­ ality, a highly complex viscus. The problems associated with disorders of the esophagus are not only related to the usual en­ tities which may be anticipated in any portion of the gastroin­ testinal tract, but include in a major fashion the functional mechanisms indigenous to the pharyngoesophageal and eso­ phagogastric junctions. A number of disorders, representative of the classical cate­ gories of disease, affect the esophagus. These include the various congenital and developmental abnormalities, of which some are complex. Trauma to the esophagus is not un­ common, and infective and inflammatory lesions of this struc­ ture are encountered relatively frequently. The different types of neoplasms of the esophagus are relatively few in number, but are commonly observed-the most serious, from the point of view of survival, being carcinoma. The collagen disorders, particularly scleroderma and dermatomyositis, affect the eso­ phagus all too often. A miscellaneous group includes such en­ tities as achalasia and varices, occurring in varying degrees of frequency. Functional abnormalities of the oropharynx, hypo­ pharynx and esophagus, particularly relating to swallowing and the frequently encountered instances of spasm of the pharyngoesophageal and the esophagogastric junctions, consti­ tute an important and common source of difficulty in the pa­ tient population at large. In this regard, anatomic, radiologic, and physiologic studies of these structures have provided through the years vital data which has proved of considerable VII . . .