Low dose exposures in the environment

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The increasing release of harmful agents from human activities has led to significant pollution in various regions. To safeguard human health and the environment, it is crucial to establish environmental standards that limit the release and concentration of these toxic agents. These standards must be informed by solid scientific data regarding the effects and mechanisms of these agents, alongside ethical, social, and economic considerations. Understanding the dose-response curve is essential for risk evaluation, particularly when considering dose responses without a threshold, which are critical for mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. In the low dose range, risk estimation relies on extrapolation from higher doses with measurable effects, a process fraught with uncertainties that complicate risk evaluation and communication. To facilitate rational, efficient, and equitable decisions, dialogue among disciplines, affected individuals, and the public is necessary. This book addresses the full spectrum of relevant aspects of risk evaluation and standard setting, beginning with ethical foundations and incorporating recent scientific findings, cognitive theory, psychosocial sciences, and jurisprudence. The authors conclude with recommendations for addressing current challenges in standard setting for environmentally relevant low doses, targeting scientists, legislators, administrators, and the interested public.