A world monograph of the genus Plectocarpon (Roccellaceae, Arthoniales)

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The lichenicolous genus Plectocarpon (Roccellaceae, Arthoniales) is monographed, accepting thirty-two species, including fifteen new to science. These new species include Pl. bunodophori on Bunodophoron patagonicum, Pl. concentricum on Pseudocyphellaria homoeophylla, and Pl. melanohaleae on Melanohalea ushuaiensis, among others. Two species are newly combined in the genus, and one remains unnamed. Seven species are transferred to other genera, with several new combinations and species described. Lectotypes are designated for Celidium dubium and Lichenomyces parasiticus. A key to all known genera of Roccellaceae with lichenicolous species, as well as a key to Plectocarpon species, is provided. Plectocarpon species show significant diversity on Lobariaceae and Nephromataceae, particularly within Pseudocyphellaria, Lobaria, Sticta, and Nephroma, often being host-specific. Regions with high species diversity include Australia and New Zealand, southern South America, and the boreal region. The host-specificity of Pl. lambinonii and Pi. lichenum, along with morphological and molecular data, suggests that Pseudocyphellaria anomala and Ps. anthraspis may belong to Lobaria s. str.