Controlling-Instrumente in ÖPNV-Unternehmen

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Liberalization and market opening have gained significant importance in recent years across all sectors of public services. European Union directives and their implementation into national law aim to reduce access restrictions, foster competition, and ultimately lead to lower prices in these areas. The competition arising from market liberalization poses a major challenge for affected companies, alongside emerging internal organizational changes. Transitioning from monopolistic structures to competitive providers has often proven difficult. The transport market serves as a prime example, where monopolists have historically dominated both local and long-distance services. However, a trend towards privatization and increased competition is gradually emerging. This raises essential questions about the tools available to these companies to navigate these changes and ensure the long-term survival of former municipal enterprises in an open market. Focusing on public transport, this work illustrates the instruments that controlling can provide and how they can be applied to transport companies. The book begins by describing the current structure of the public transport market, highlighting the specific legal and organizational frameworks that influence business decisions. Following this, it explores various potential applications of controlling within public transport companies, emphasizing particularly significant areas for further