The Constitution of Germany

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Enacted in 1949 after experiencing totalitarianism, the German Basic Law has become a global model for modern constitutionalism. It embodies five fundamental principles: democracy, rule of law, the social state, republican government, and federalism, all explicitly protected from amendment. This framework exemplifies cooperative and predominantly executive federalism, marked by significant unitarianism and equality among member states. The institutional structure adheres to the separation of powers within a parliamentary system, where the Chancellor and political parties are central figures. The Bundestag serves as a powerful Parliament, while the Bundesrat and Prime Ministers of the Länder provide essential checks and balances. The Constitutional Court plays a crucial role as the interpreter of the Constitution, possessing extensive competences and acting as an arbiter among federal institutions and between the Federation and the Länder. In terms of fundamental rights, the Court has significantly advanced the constitutionalization and juridification of the political system, fostering a robust framework for individual freedoms and the liberalization of society.