Concentration of dairy fluids

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A novel concept of membrane cascades comprised of ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis (RO) or nanofiltration was studied for the concentration of skim milk and sweet whey. Dynamic systems with rotating membranes were also assessed. The aim was a better control of deposit formation of protein on membrane surfaces and a more effective application of RO. The membrane cascades were found to be superior in terms of process time, maximum concentration factor and energy overall demand.