Extremism and violent extremism in Serbia

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Extremism, violent extremism, and radicalization leading to terrorism have become significant areas of policy interest and donor support, particularly in the western Balkans. Counterterrorism efforts and initiatives to prevent and counter violent extremism (P/CVE) often highlight the need for broader reforms, peacebuilding, and democratization. While foreign donors and domestic authorities primarily focus on ISIS-inspired violent jihadism, other forms of extremism—such as far-right nationalism, violent hooliganism, and neo-Nazi movements—pose a more immediate threat in many countries, especially Serbia. These forms are frequently perceived as "normalized" political expression. The phenomenon of reciprocal radicalization, where competing extremisms reinforce and depend on each other, can lead to escalating conflicts and violence. This volume examines these dynamics in Serbia through original research, offering fresh insights that reveal the country's vulnerability to various types of extremism. It argues that achieving liberal, democratic, rights-based reforms is essential for prevention, as such reforms have remained elusive for over two decades. This comprehensive approach is crucial for Serbia and its neighbors, as the prevailing security-focused research has inadequately addressed the deep-rooted dynamics of radicalization and extremism in the region.