Micro-scale modelling of multiple and higher-order deformation twinning of metals

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A reliable prediction of the material response requires the understanding of the underlying physics of the microstructural evolution. The higher-order twinning phenomenon and multiple twin systems activation of hcp material (for example, Ti) are modeled on the grain scale by the minimum elastic strain energy approach. The visco-elastic model can predict the compression twins of hcp (Ti) material along with a rarely observed compression twins under a deformation controlled test for a single crystal. However, with an additional numerical technique, the rarely observed twins can be deactivated for a particular simulation.