Underground Space: the 4th Dimension of Metropolises

The so-called fourth dimension of a metropolis is the underground space beneath a city which typically includes structures such as tunnels, which facilitate transport and provide gas, water and other supplies. Underground space may also be utilised for living, working and recreational facilities and industrial storage. These volumes focus on underground city design and planning; geotechnical survey and improvement of ground mass; and research, development and design of underground constructions in built-up areas. Also covered is the construction and monitoring of urban tunnels, including underground constructions executed from the surface; distribution and management of risks and accidents during tunnelling; tunnel equipment; fire and operational safety. This collection of papers will be invaluable to researchers, scientists, engineers and professionals working in the underground space.