The Complete Works

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The complete surviving works of Epictetus, a pivotal Stoic philosopher from antiquity, present profound insights on personal agency and moral self-improvement. Born into slavery around 50 CE, Epictetus became a philosophy teacher after gaining his freedom. Following his expulsion from Rome, he dedicated his life to teaching in Greece. His influential works include a series of discourses, recorded by his student Arrian, and the Handbook, which encapsulates the essence of Epictetus's teachings. Central to his philosophy is the idea that happiness hinges on understanding what is within our control and what is not. While our internal states and reactions are ours to manage, external events are determined by a benevolent deity, and we should regard them, along with our bodies, possessions, and relationships, as indifferent—striving to make the best use of them. The Discourses and Handbook serve as practical guides for self-improvement, detailing the necessary work and exercises for enriching one’s life. Edited and translated by esteemed scholar Robin Waterfield, this collection offers modern readers valuable perspectives on coping with challenges such as death, exile, interpersonal relationships, and the unpredictability of life.