Spiritual Empires in Europe and India

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The book examines the emergence of cosmopolitan religious movements in late 19th to early 20th century Europe and India, highlighting their shared themes of anti-materialism, acceptance of Darwinian evolution, and universal spirituality. Despite these commonalities, the movements—such as Theosophy and Anthroposophy—adapted uniquely to their national contexts, influenced by social, cultural, and political factors. It illustrates how these innovative spiritual discourses interacted with secular dynamics to propose new visions for social order and transformation.