The History of Trading

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The paper explores the origins and development of trade, highlighting the emergence of specialized professions such as farmers and carpenters. It details how these professions facilitated the establishment of cooperative unions known as guilds in 11th and 12th century England. These guilds aimed to support their members, uphold craft traditions, and maintain local monopolies, often resisting changes in tools, methods, and apprenticeship training. The focus is on the dynamics of trade relationships and the control exerted by sellers over buyers' needs.