The Revolution of Buddhist Modernism

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Reacting to the forces of colonialism and globalization in the nineteenth century, Buddhist reformers across Asia sought to modernize teachings, practices, and institutions. Characterized by disbelief in the supernatural, rejection of ritual, deinstitutionalization, and egalitarianism, this movement is explored through the upheaval in Japanese Jōdo Shin (True Pure Land) Buddhism initiated by scholar-priest Kiyozawa Manshi (1863-1903). Kiyozawa and his disciples, notably Soga Ryōjin and Kaneko Daiei, reinterpreted Pure Land teachings as a means to achieve awakening in the present rather than merely focusing on rebirth after death. This shift prompted significant institutional reforms, including new experiential methods of Buddhist studies, democratization of sect institutions, and increased cooperation with Japan's imperialist state. By intertwining intellectual and institutional histories, the narrative uncovers profound connections between Buddhist thought, institutions, and broader national and global politics. It chronicles the dynamic history through which modernist Buddhist ideas became entrenched in institutions and authoritative for communities, providing a compelling view of Buddhist modernism and traditionalism in action.