Geodynamics of the lithosphere

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The large-scale structure of the Earth results from geodynamic processes explained through energetic, kinematic, and dynamic descriptions. While the term "geodynamic processes" encompasses a wide range of phenomena, the methods of description are well-defined. Energetic descriptions focus on energy distribution, typically in terms of heat and temperature. Kinematic descriptions address movements through velocities, strains, and strain rates, while dynamic descriptions examine the behavior of stresses and forces. As structural and metamorphic geologists, we document the field consequences of geological processes, but identifying the underlying causes—referred to as "driving forces"—is essential for explaining the planet's tectonic evolution. This work emphasizes the dynamic description of geological processes, linking causes to consequences, particularly tectonic processes and field observations. We will often employ equations to succinctly represent these processes and observations. Our focus will primarily be on large-scale tectonic questions, utilizing observations related to the elevation and heat flow of mountain ranges, the thickness of continents, and ocean depths.